how to defend a position
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One of the things I ask students to do in my philosophy class is to take a position on a philosophical issue and defend it. But, how do you defend a position? Put another way this is the question of how you make an argument for your point of view. Let's examine it.
Don't Just State, Defend
First, you must recognize that defending a position is different from simply stating a position. It is not enough to simply state what you believe. A defense entails showing why you believe this and why these are good reasons for believing what you believe. Furthermore, defending a philosophical theory means more than simply stating that you agree with that position. It's a given that you agree with the theory otherwise you wouldn't be defending it!
Clearly Explain Your Position
The first step in your defense is a clear explanation of the position you're taking. What is your position? Secondly, you have to present evidence that validates your position. Thirdly, you have to address the objections raised against your position. This third step is often the most difficult and the one most people forget to do. Whatever position you take on whatever topic you're discussing there will be objections. An adequate defense cannot simply ignore these objections. You have to demonstrate that you understand them and that you can formulate a response to them.
Respond to Objections
An adequate response to a philosophical objection to your position entails more than simply saying you disagree with the point. Again, you have to say why you disagree. What is it about the objection that is wrong? How can your position be defended against the objection? To answer these questions you have to demonstrate that you understand the objection and can examine the reasoning behind it. This can be difficult to do since most people are not inclined to consider objections to their own position or evidence which might count against their own viewpoint.
However, this is what doing philosophy entails. The essence of the philosophical method is critical thinking which amounts to being able to examine the evidence for as well as against any given idea or theory. An important element of critical thinking is the ability to understand the reasons behind a viewpoint.
I also caution my students against telling me how they feel in their paper. Also, I ask that they please do not tell me how the philosophers they are discussing feel. In most cases, college papers are about your thoughts and arguments for and against a position, not an opportunity to vent your feelings and opinions. You need to be able to articulate your thoughts and the reasons behind them.
